Which option reflects the nonpharmacologic comfort measures identified for this patient?

• A. Apply ice to swollen areas.
• B. Repositioning.
• C. Padding over bony prominences.
• D. All of the above.

Answer: (D)

Nonpharmacologic comfort measures are actions that relieve pain and improve comfort without using medications. In this patient, each measure addresses a different aspect of comfort: applying ice to swollen areas helps reduce edema and provide local numbness, which can lessen pain; repositioning relieves pressure on vulnerable tissue and improves circulation; padding over bony prominences protects against pressure and shear, reducing tissue damage and friction. When all three are used together, they offer a comprehensive approach to comfort—addressing swelling, pressure relief, and tissue protection—so the option that includes all of these measures is the best choice.